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Plasmacytoma

Author: Haylee Boyens, Medical Student, University of Auckland, New Zealand, September 2014.


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What are plasma cells?

Plasma cells are white blood cells produced in the bone marrow and are found in the blood, the skin, and throughout the body. Their function is to make immunoglobulins (antibodies) to fight disease. They are an important part of the immune system.

What is a plasmacytoma?

A plasmacytoma is a tumour made up of abnormal plasma cells. It usually grows within the bone. When it grows in a site other than bone, it is called an extramedullary plasmacytoma.

There can be a single tumour (solitary plasmacytoma) or many tumours (multiple myeloma)

Who gets plasmacytoma?

Plasmacytoma is rare. It affects middle aged and elderly people and is very rare under the age of 30 years. Cutaneous plasmacytoma is very rare.

What is the cause of plasmacytoma?

It is not known what causes plasmacytoma. Radiation, industrial solvents and airborne toxins have been identified as possible risk factors.

How does plasmacytoma present?

Solitary plasmacytoma of bone

Plasmactyoma may cause:

  • Pain
  • Pathological fracture
  • Spinal cord compression

Extramedullary plasmacytoma

Extramedullary plasmacytoma can occur at any site, but 80–90% of extramedullary plasmacytomas are in the head and neck area, particularly within the upper airways and oral cavity. Symptoms may include:

  • Swelling or a mass
  • Headache
  • Nasal discharge, nose bleeds, nasal obstruction
  • Sore throat, hoarseness, difficulty talking (dysphonia)
  • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), stomach pain
  • Breathlessness (dyspnoea), coughing up blood (haemoptysis)

Cutaneous/skin involvement is very rare, accounting for 2–4% of all extramedullary plasmacytomas. They typically present as red nodules or dome shaped plaques, and may ulcerate.

Cutaneous plasmacytoma

How is plasmacytoma diagnosed?

Plasmacytoma is diagnosed by a tissue biopsy or bone marrow biopsy. This shows invasion of the bone or tissue by monoclonal (identical) plasma cells (see cutaneous plasmacytoma pathology). To make a diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma (of bone or extramedullary site), other plasma cell tumours or multiple myeloma must be excluded. 

What is the treatment for plasmacytoma?

Solitary plasmacytoma is treated by radiotherapy or surgery.

What is the prognosis for plasmacytoma?

The prognosis for plasmacytoma depends on whether the lesions are solitary or a sign of multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma may later develop in patients with solitary bone plasmacytoma (65–84% at 10 years) or extramedullary sites (11–30% at 10 years).

Cutaneous involvement in patients with known multiple myeloma usually indicates a poor prognosis regardless of treatment.

Multiple myeloma

Normally, plasma cells account for <5% of bone marrow. Plasma cell cancers occur when there is uncontrolled proliferation of these cells. There are two forms:

  • Multiple myeloma (>10% of bone marrow)
  • Plasma cell leukaemia (>20% of nucleated peripheral blood cells)

Plasma cell leukaemia is rare and aggressive. It can be primary (the first sign of disease) or secondary to advanced multiple myeloma.

Approximately 10–15% of patients presenting with a solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma and 50–60% of patients presenting with solitary plasmacytoma of the bone will ultimately develop multiple myeloma.

Extramedullary plasmacytomas are seen in around 7% of patients who have multiple myeloma at the time of diagnosis, and a further 6% of patients will go on to develop extramedullary plasmacytomas after being diagnosed with multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma presents with the following signs and symptoms.

  • Bone pain or fractures
  • Anaemia: weakness, tiredness, breathlessness
  • Low white cells (leukopenia) may lead to recurrent infections, eg pneumonia
  • Thickened blood: confusion, dizziness, stroke
  • Hypercalcaemia: thirst, dehydration, weakness, bowel and kidney problems
  • Neurological symptoms: back pain, numbness or weakness
  • Kidney symptoms: weakness, breathlessness, itching, swelling

Diagnosis

The following tests are used to detect and monitor multiple myeloma.

  • Full blood count to assess anaemia, low white blood cells and low platelets
  • Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), calcium, phosphorus , erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)—elevated in disseminated cancer
  • Creatinine and urea to assess kidney function
  • Beta-2 microglobulin, which is expressed on the surface of myeloma cells
  • Serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation, to detect and classify abnormal/monoclonal protein in serum
  • Serum immunoglobulins, elevated in myeloma
  • Urinary protein electrophoresis with immunofixation (24-hour urine sample), to detect and classify monoclonal kappa or lambda light chains in urine
  • Skeletal bone survey to detect bone thinning (osteoporosis, osteopaenia) or holes (lytic lesions) caused by myeloma. MRI, CT and PET scans may also be used in some cases

Treatment

If multiple myeloma is present, it may be treated by:

  • Chemotherapy—melphalan, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin
  • Corticosteroids—dexamethasone, prednisone
  • Recently added drugs—thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib, carfilzomib, pomalidomide
  • Stem cell transplantation

Treatments may be used individually or in combination, depending on the case details and risk profile.

Prognosis

Predicting prognosis in multiple myeloma is not straightforward, as some patients remain asymptomatic for a number of years while for others the disease is rapidly progressive.

  • Staging (tumour burden)
  • Patient characteristics
  • Disease characteristics
  • Availability and response to therapy

These estimates of prognosis may be adjusted depending on availability of and response to treatment, patient characteristics, and tumour genetics. Some tumour mutations are associated with more aggressive forms of disease which may shorten survival time.

Patients are categorised as high, medium or standard risk using cytogenetic testing, which is done on the tumour cells to identify genetic abnormalities which may contribute to a more aggressive disease pathway.

The standard and medium risk groups have an estimated median survival of 8–10 years. Patients in whom certain genetic abnormalities are detected are likely to have a shorter survival time, as are patients in whom disease is advanced.

 

References

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