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Prolidase deficiency

Author: Dr Emily Ryder, Dermatology Registrar, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge UK. Chief Editor: Dr Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand. Copy Editor Clare Morrison. May 2014.


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What is prolidase deficiency?

Prolidase deficiency is sometimes called hyperimidodipeptiduria, imidodipeptidase deficiency or peptidase deficiency. It is a very rare hereditary disorder of collagen metabolism that leads to skin fragility and recurrent ulceration.

What are the clinical features of prolidase deficiency?

Features of prolidase deficiency include:

  • Skin ulceration and fragility especially of the lower extremity
  • Recurrent infections of the skin (including abscesses and folliculitis (pustules))
  • Telangiectasia (dilated capillaries)
  • Photosensitivity (skin sensitivity to sunlight)
  • Hirsutism (increased hair growth)
  • Occasionally, developmental delay or learning disability
  • Characteristic facial features (saddle nose, small chin, jaw protrusion, widely spaced eyes)
  • Respiratory tract infections, such as chest infections, and sinusitis
  • Enlarged liver or spleen
  • About 10% have systemic lupus erythematosus or a lupus-like illness

Who gets prolidase deficiency?

Prolidase deficiency occurs in approximately 1 in 1 million to 1 in 2 million newborns. It is due to a mutation in theprolidase gene (PEPD). This is located on chromosome 19 and encodes the prolidase enzyme that uses proline (an amino acid) for collagen synthesis.

Prolidase deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that both copies of the gene (inherited from the mother and the father) have the mutation. Carriers of the gene have one copy of the mutation, but usually show no features of the condition.

How is the diagnosis of prolidase deficiency made?

Diagnosis of prolidase deficiency is usually made during infancy through identification of its typical clinical features and confirmatory investigations. Not all the clinical features are required to make the diagnosis. Investigations may confirm the presence of specific proteins (proline-containing dipeptides) in the urine (which may be called imidodipeptiduria), and low levels of prolidase enzyme in the blood.

Genetic testing may be useful in families known to carry the genetic mutation.

Treatment of prolidase deficiency

Treatment of prolidase deficiency is aimed at controlling symptoms, particularly the skin ulceration and infections. The response to treatments is variable between patients.

  • Careful cleansing and dressing of ulcers
  • Antibiotics for secondary skin infections
  • Skin application of L-proline and L-glycine ointments has been suggested as helpful for some patients.
  • Oral manganese (cofactor of prolinase), ascorbate and collagenase have been reported to help some patients.

 

References

  • Kniffin CL. OMIM Database. #170100. John Hopkins University. Accessed May 2014
  • Milligan A, Graham-Brown RAC, Burns DA, Anderson I. Prolidase deficiency: a case report and literature review. Brit J Derm. 1989; 121: 405–9. PubMed
  • Lupi A, Tenni R, Rossi A, Cetta G, Forlino A, Human prolidase and prolidase deficiency: an overview on the characterization of the enzyme involved in prolinerecycling and on the effects of its mutations. Amino Acids. 2008; 35:739–52. PubMed Central
  • Falik-Zaccai TC, Khayat M, Luder A, Frenkel P, Magen D, Brik R, Gershoni-Baruch R, Mandel H. A broad spectrum of developmental delay in a large cohort of prolidase deficiency patients demonstrates marked interfamilial and intrafamilial phenotypic variability. Am J Med Genet. 2010; 153B: 46–56. PubMed
  • Arata J, Hatakenaka J, Oono T. Effect of topical application of glycine and proline on recalcitrant leg ulcers of prolidase deficiency. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(6):626–7. PubMed

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